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STEM-based University Pathway Encouraging Relationships with Chicago High schools in Automation, Robotics and Green Energy (SUPERCHARGE) is an NSF-sponsored project where university faculty and undergraduates from Illinois State University have designed informal, after-school engineering-related activities focusing on robotics, green energy, and automation. An emphasis is placed on activities and partnerships that promote knowledge, engagement, and interest in STEM fields in underserved schools and communities. This resource exchange presents activities from the final unit of the program's first year. In this project, high school students will build and experiment with a smart wireless weather station and indoor climate console with the goal of collecting and analyzing data to learn about the climate in their community while fostering STEM skills and interest in college and career pathways. 

STEM-based University Pathway Encouraging Relationships with Chicago High schools in Automation, Robotics and Green Energy (SUPERCHARGE) is an NSF-sponsored project where university faculty and undergraduates from Illinois State University have designed informal, after-school engineering-related activities focusing on robotics, green energy, and automation. An emphasis is placed on activities and partnerships that promote knowledge, engagement, and interest in STEM fields in underserved schools and communities. This resource exchange presents activities from the final unit of the program's first year. In this project, high school students will build and experiment with a smart wireless weather station and indoor climate console with the goal of collecting and analyzing data to learn about the climate in their community while fostering STEM skills and interest in college and career pathways. 

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—extremely warm, persistent sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies causing substantial ecological and economic consequences—have increased worldwide in recent decades. Concurrent increases in global temperatures suggest that climate change impacted MHW occurrences, beyond random changes arising from natural internal variability. Moreover, the long-term SST warming trend was not constant but instead had more rapid warming in recent decades. Here we show that this nonlinear trend can—on its own—appear to increase SST variance and hence MHW frequency. Using a Linear Inverse Model to separate climate change contributions to SST means and internal variability, both in observations and CMIP6 historical simulations, we find that most MHW increases resulted from regional mean climate trends that alone increased the probability of SSTs exceeding a MHW threshold. Our results suggest the need to carefully attribute global warming-induced changes in climate extremes, which may not always reflect underlying changes in variability. 

Measurements are presented of the cross-section for the central exclusive production ofJ/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^- $J/\psi \to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$and\psi(2S)\to\mu^+\mu^- $\psi \left(2S\right)\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}$processes in proton-proton collisions at\sqrt{s} = 13 \ \mathrm{TeV} $\sqrt{s}=13TeV$with 2016–2018 data. They are performed by requiring both muons to be in the LHCb acceptance (with pseudorapidity2<\eta_{\mu^±} < 4.5 $2<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5$) and mesons in the rapidity range2.0 < y < 4.5 $2.0<y<4.5$. The integrated cross-section results are\sigma_{J/\psi\to\mu^+\mu^-}(2.0 ${\sigma }_{J/\psi \to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}}(2.0<y_{J/\psi }<4.5,2.0<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5)=400\pm 2\pm 5\pm 12pb,{\sigma }_{\psi \left(2S\right)\to {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}}(2.0<y_{\psi \left(2S\right)}<4.5,2.0<{\eta }_{{\mu }^{\pm }}<4.5)=9.40\pm 0.15\pm 0.13\pm 0.27pb,$where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and due to the luminosity determination. In addition, a measurement of the ratio of\psi(2S) $\psi \left(2S\right)$andJ/\psi $J/\psi$cross-sections, at an average photon-proton centre-of-mass energy of1\ \mathrm{TeV} $1TeV$, is performed, giving$ = 0.1763 ± 0.0029 ± 0.0008 ± 0.0039,$$ where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third due to the knowledge of the involved branching fractions. For the first time, the dependence of theJ/\psi$ $J/\psi$and\psi(2S) $\psi \left(2S\right)$cross-sections on the total transverse momentum transfer is determined inpp $pp$collisions and is found consistent with the behaviour observed in electron-proton collisions.